![]() It's also equipped with Nikon’s Stepping Motor technology for quick, smooth and very quiet autofocus, especially during live view shooting and video recording, and offers up to four stops of image stabilization. As a result the 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 VR II is very compact when retracted to the L position, although of course you still have to extend it outwards to start shooting. Nikon have once again implemented a retractable design to make the lens more portable when it's not in use, something that quite a lot of compact system cameras have in their lens ranges. The new AF-P DX NIKKOR 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G VR kit lens that ships with the D3400 is one of the main talking points of the D3400. The ‘i’ button on the back of the camera makes it possible to bypass the main menu in order to quickly change key settings. The Nikon D3400's body is almost identical to its predecessor in terms of the overall dimensions and weight, with all of the external controls in pretty much the same places as before. This is helped by the surprisingly classy rubber coating on the grip, which also appears on the thumb rest on the back of the camera. ![]() The camera body itself is mainly plastic, but while the D3400 certainly doesn't feel as robust as some of the company's higher specified models, it still exudes a degree of quality you might not expect at this price point. Still, expect having to find a place for your little finger under the camera if you have larger-than-average hands. ![]() The Nikon D3400 is a rather small DSLR camera, although it does come with a chunky right-hand grip with a pronounced lip at the top. Outwardly the Nikon D3400 is virtually identical to its 2-year old predecessor, the D3200, which in turn was very similar to the D3100 model. The Nikon D3400 also features an EXPEED 4 processor, 5fps continuous shooting, a 3 inch 921k-dot LCD monitor, one-touch full 1080p HD video recording with autofocus, quick-access Live View mode, ISO range of 100-25600, 11-point autofocus system with a cross-type sensor in the centre, 10 special effects, and an interactive Guide Mode. Using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), SnapBridge creates a connection between the D3400 and a smart device, making it possible to wirelessly and automatically transfer images. The main improvements to the D3400 are extended battery life and SnapBridge support. The Nikon D3400 is a new entry-level DSLR camera with a 24.2 megapixel DX format APS-C sensor with no anti-aliasing filter.
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![]() You can trigger the siren to draw attention to an intruder or startle them. For reference, most rock concerts come in between 103 and 110 decibels. You can also add outdoor smart plugs, in-wall smart outlets, and more to the system.įinally, the Ring Alarm Pro includes a built-in 104-decibel siren. If combined with Alexa Guard, you can receive alerts about broken glass, beeping smoke or CO detectors, and more.Ĭompatible third-party devices include products from Schlage and Yale, as well as Chamberlain garage door openers. You can control the system through your Amazon Alexa smart assistant. There is also an optional 24/7 internet backup that will keep your Ring devices connected so that your home stays secure, even if the power is out. It also keeps your network secure and alerts you to any potential online threats through the Eero app. The included router provides coverage for homes up to 1,500 square feet, reducing the number of dead zones. If you’re going to be out of the country or in a position where you can’t keep an eye on things yourself (or you just want that added layer of protection), professional monitoring can help. You can opt to enroll in 24/7 professional monitoring of your home through a Ring Protect Pro subscription. ![]() Add the devices you need, from Ring Video Doorbells to compatible third-party accessories. The Ring Alarm Pro provides the groundwork for a sort of DIY home security system. ![]() The moment it detects activity in your home, you’ll receive a mobile alert. The device also acts as a Base Station for the rest of your Ring devices. The Ring Alarm Pro’s most standout feature is the inclusion of the Eero Wi-Fi 6 router. Ring’s security features go above and beyond to protect not only your home, but also your digital property. The security system is currently only available in white, although more color options may arrive in the future. It can connect over Wi-Fi, but an Ethernet connection will provide a steadier and more reliable connection. You can mount the Ring Alarm Pro to the wall or place it on a tabletop. In Low Power Mode, the Ring Alarm Pro can operate for up to 24 hours on its battery charge. The device uses a rechargeable, internal battery for backup, but is typically plugged in through a standard power adapter. It’s a square box just under seven inches across, with a height of just under 3 inches. The Ring Alarm Pro has a more utilitarian design than anything else. ![]() Keep the wager of the clash in spirit without turning it into a 8-10 second break from the actual game. Make the combo breaker/clash a function of the defensive meter (like MK11), but make it a bog-standard combo breaker that doesn't slow down the match with a lengthy clash, and allow the attacker to burn their offensive meter to recapture their opponent in a broken combo. Maybe instead of fights starting with the characters doing their lengthy intros and then a back-and-forth chat, they're already fighting when it "begins", so the first thing you see after loading in is the fighters clashing, a quick exchange of words, and then breaking apart to begin the battle (with no health loss on either side, as would happen in a clash in Injustice 1/2 where either side wagers the same amount of meter).Īllow things like stage interactions mid-combo, so you can set up your opponent for a string that finishes with you beaning them in the head with a street lamp. Make matches faster paced and refine what's already unique about Injustice instead of laying on more mechanics. I say don't do that, and make the game unique by expanding on what made the first game so fun: clashes, stage interactions, stage transitions, etc. Netherrealm likes to push boundaries for their fighting games with things like variations and armor sets. Those are a lot of fun, but I feel like refinement through simpler mechanics is the series' key to success. That's an enormously good addition to the series, but it was overshadowed by gimmicky stuff like custom variations. Mortal Kombat 11's best new addition is, IMO, the defensive meter that fills independently of the offensive meter, meaning your defensive options are limited based on the time you're able to survive in a round, rather than only giving you more defensive options as you take or dole out hits. It will be interesting to see if NetherRealms will still continue to portray the DC characters for Injustice 3.Go simpler. Since the release of Injustice 2 in 2017, there’s no official confirmation on Injustice 3 release. Even though we’ve been able to scratch other itches, you know doing Injustice games and stuff, and we have other stuff in the oven, but it’s always nice to do the Mortal Kombat games.” You don’t expect the last Marvel movie to ever come out, they’re just gonna keep coming. “ Mortal Kombat has become like a staple thing, almost Marvel-like. In a Q&A interview with creator Ed Boon for the Summer Game Fest, he teased on the developments of Mortal Kombat for next-gen consoles. However, with the increasing demand in video games, NetherRealms might move up its release date. ![]() If NetherRealms will follow the release pattern, the next installment will presumably arrive in 2023. ![]() The Mortal Kombat games have been coming out every four years. Warner Brothers is even releasing a new Mortal Kombat live-action movie owing to its popularity. Thus, it’s no surprise if a new Mortal Kombat game will soon hit the shelves. When NetherRealms released Mortal Kombat 11 last year, it became one of the most successful entries so far. When to expect Mortal Kombat 12 and Injustice 3 Earlier this month, Bungie’s was also recruiting people to work on a new whimsical RPG game. As a Principal Graphics Engineer, you will work closely with the Lead Engineer and the rest of your peers to develop state-of-the-art graphics technology for the PS5 and XBOX Series X.”įurthermore, NetherRealms is not the only company that is hiring people. “NetherRealm, a division of WB Games Inc., seeks a Principal Software Engineer – Graphics to drive the next generation console graphics vision for the Mortal Kombat and Injustice franchises. The recent job listing posted on the official WB Game’s career stated : NetherRealms might be developing the latest game sequels for both Injustice and Mortal Kombat franchises. Injustice 3 and Mortal Kombat 12 sequels in the works As a result, game developers are now looking into creating new games and developing sequels to meet those demands. Injustice 3, Warner Bros DC Comics smash-up, has been rumoured to be in the works for a while. Owing to that, the demand for video gaming has skyrocketed. With the ongoing crisis of the coronavirus pandemic and government-imposed lockdowns, people are forced to stay at home. It appears that NetherRealm’s job listing aims to find people to work on the games’ next-gen versions. Salariul de bază minim brut lunar / categorii de salariați pe societate :.Ø Salariul de bază minim brut lunar garantat în plată pe societate : ………………… 1.900 lei/lună SALARIUL MINIM GARANTAT ÎN PLATĂ/ IERARHIZARE (*) ( valabil cu data de 01 ianuarie 2018) Orice tranzacţie prin care se urmăreşte renunţarea la drepturile recunoscute de lege salariaţilor sau limitarea acestor drepturi este lovită de nulitate ”. ![]() ![]() 38 din Codul Muncii, ediția în vigoare, potrivit căreia „ salariaţii nu pot renunţa la drepturile ce le sunt recunoscute prin lege. Opinia se bazează pe principiul „ dreptului câștigat anterior de către salariat” și a tezei definite de art. 53/2003 – Codul Muncii, republicat, cu modificările și completările ulterioare.Īngajatorii pot stabili o grilă de salarii bazată pe nivele minime pe categorii de salariați, utilizând coeficienții minimi de ierarhizare din Contractul Colectiv de Muncă Unic la nivel Național ( expirat la data de ). Nerespectarea dispoziţiilor privind garantarea în plată a salariului minim brut pe ţară constituie contravenție și se sancționează cu amendă de la 300 lei la 2.000 lei, potrivit art. începând cu data de 1 ianuarie 2018, salariul de bază minim brut pe țară garantat în plată se stabilește la 900 lei lunar, pentru un program complet de lucru de 166,666 de ore în medie pe lună în anul 2018, reprezentând 11,40 lei/oră.SALARIUL DE BAZĂ MINIM BRUT PE ȚARĂ GARANTAT ÎN PLATĂ (01 ianuarie 2018) It is a software that IdeasOnCanvas developed in Austria that allows a group of users, such as organizations or teams, to share, capture, explore, and organize their ideas via illustrations. Yes, this software is only available for Apple users only. MindNode is a mind mapping software that is intended for Mac and iOS users. To start with, let us have an accurate description of this mind mapping tool. Now, proceeding to the MindNode app review, is the content about the app’s fundamentals. You can also freely download your projects on your computer or mobile device or keep them in its extensive file library forever. Not just that, for it brings out your maps into different formats such as JPG, PDF, Word, PNG, and SVG, ready for printing. Not to mention that this free mind mapping program also comes with a collaboration feature that will enable you to work jointly with the rest of your team. Imagine a free tool that provides you with numerous templates, shapes, backgrounds, themes, layouts, styles, fonts and a wide range of ribbon menus that will excite you! Furthermore, MindOnMap enables you to organize your ideas and turn them into a compelling map with the help of its beautiful features that are free to use in the first place. So whether you are a professional or a newbie, this online mind mapping software got your back. MindOnMap is an online mind mapping software that best fits all kinds of users that utilize Windows and Mac computer devices. ![]() MindNode Best Alternative: MindOnMapīefore proceeding to the MindNode review, we would like to present you with the best alternative that you would need just in case MindNode might not meet your expectations. ![]() Comparison of MindNode among the Other Four Tools So, without further adieu, let’s start recognizing everything that we need to know about this mind mapping tool below. Thus, after reading this, you will be able to determine if this app is for you or not. ![]() Therefore, to cut the division out, we created this article outlining a full review of the said mind mapping software. On the one hand, this app makes a great impression on some, but on the other hand, it comes with a conflict with others. You see, many programs out there claim to be the best for your mind mapping task, but which of them is worth acquiring? One of these mind mapping apps is MindNode. Choosing a mind mapping tool to use is a crucial decision one must make. ![]() Microwave ovens use a magnetron to emit radio waves which travel through a wave guide (attached to the side of the interior cavity wall) before entering the cooking area. Is the turntable even necessary to heat up the food? No, it’s not necessary for the microwave to work, but a properly operating turntable will improve performance. Can you use the microwave without the glass plate? The microwave appears to be functioning otherwise, so why isn’t that glass plate rotating? In this article, we’ll address how the turntable operates, the top reasons for why it’s not working, and how you can fix the problem yourself. Let our family help yours today.After setting the soup bowl or the left-over chicken breast on the microwave oven’s glass turntable to heat up a quick lunch, you’re dismayed to discover the turntable isn’t turning when you press start. We’re available online at the redesigned, or by phone at 844.3.GUINCO. At that point, feel free to call your trusted appliance repair service. Should any problems persist, you may have a more serious issue. That’s not good for the longevity of the machine. Never turn on the microwave with nothing in it, as the radio waves will have to transfer their energy to something, which will be the machine itself. Once everything is back in place, try cooking something in the microwave to make sure it’s rotating properly. Next, carefully place the glass turntable back on the guide. Rotate the guide by hand to insure it’s back in place. Once everything is nice and clean, carefully return the guide to the grooves you’ve just cleaned. Lastly, make sure the grooves inside the microwave that the wheels roll through are also clean. Anything that can stop the wheel from spinning will completely nullify the purpose of the turntable. Dried food or crumbs are typically the culprits here. The main thing is to make sure the wheels are completely and totally free of debris. Once again, clean it with warm water and a little soap. The plastic of the guide is exceptionally thin, and the wheels are very small, so a gentle touch is key here. Now it’s time to clean the turntable guide. It’s going to be hard to completely degrease the piece, but this cleaning will certainly help its functionality. Wash it by hand with warm water and a touch of soap. Now, once the microwave is powerless, remove the glass turntable. Like any other kitchen appliance, the microwave can definitely electrocute you. First things first: make sure the machine is completely turned off & unplugged. The whole reason it’s there in the first place is to make sure that your food heats completely evenly, as it’s not really possible to control the way radio waves pass through a stationary object.Īlright, let’s get to cleaning this thing. Also, if the turntable guide is misaligned, your food could topple over or cook unevenly. Microwaves are great, but nothing wants to taste like it was microwaved, and this is something that contributes to that microwaved taste. So, what are the potential side-effects of a dirty or misaligned turntable and guide? Well first off, if it’s covered in food filth, that the smell and flavor of that filth will likely seep into your food. Like the microwave itself, routine maintenance and cleaning for the turntable and guide typically isn’t done, which can cause food to not cook properly. The turntable guide is the small plastic ring-on-wheels that makes the whole unit spin, insuring your food cooks evenly. For those that don’t know, the turntable is the small glass or hard plastic circle that you place your food on. When it comes to microwaves, the turntable is really the unsung hero of the whole process. Original to downtown Greenville, Urban Wren is your go-to when you want great food and even better wine. There is a $75 cancellation fee within a 2-week window. Reservations can be made by calling 86 or emailing. Foodie Haven Just like our namesake, the Carolina Wren, Urban Wren is a concept born and bred out of a love of food, wine and fraternity. Cost is $130 per person and includes 6 courses, each with wine pairing. RSVP: Reservations for 8 guests are required. Learn more by visiting or by following Urban Wren and Facebook (/urbanwren). Wine guides the entire guest experience at Urban Wren, and the menu delivers the perfect pair by highlighting local ingredients and flavors that reflect the seasonality of the South Carolina Upstate. ALT can accommodate up to 65 people for your event and caters for breakfasts, brunches, long lunches, dinner and cocktail & canapes celebrations. Located in the heart of downtown Greenville in the historic Markley Station, Urban Wren is a local restaurant that was born out of a love for food, wine and hospitality. ALT at Wren Urban Nest offers a stylish space and chilled vibes making it the perfect place for product launches, PR events, chic birthday celebrations or social gatherings. Dates currently open for booking this culinary experience are: Greenville, SC 29601 Located in the heart of downtown Greenville in the historic Markley Station, Urban Wren is a local restaurant that was born out of a love for food, wine and hospitality. Urban Wren’s Chef’s Table takes place on Thursdays. ![]() They're an emotional, loving, energetic, and accepting being. They mask a lot of pain with humor and have done this for so long it has become habit. Diners are encouraged to reserve all eight seats together, however smaller groups will be seated together, making a community table, until the eight seats are fully reserved. Less than half of T&L’s recommendations are in the US, so we are extra honored to make the cut. Urban Dictionary: Wren Wren This is the type of person that on the outside, they seem fine But this person has a lot going on in their head. Each Chef’s Table experience consists of six courses prepared and served by Executive Chef Taylor Montgomery paired with six wines selected from Urban Wren’s diverse wine offerings. ![]() Urban Wren, recent winner of four Best of the Upstate awards in 2021, has announced a series of Chef’s Table interactive culinary experiences to take place in September and October. ![]() No worries though, you’ll wake yourself up with the cat version, ‘cos that’s what cats do. Go ahead, take a few shots and you’ll probably end up going in reverse (see what I did there?). Just like real-life drinking (though you gotta’ get them glasses empty in that case). So the goal is to get as many full glasses as you can, though it’s getting harder and harder. How to play: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. You join shots in order to fill the glass more and more, but once it’s full, you can’t do anything else with it and you get a score of 1. Not only that it features some funky party colors and that it’s all about drinks, but it also has a neat feature. So, here’s the one I’ve been telling you about, the celebration version. Just be careful – you might feel a little less manly (if you’re a man) after playing this for a while, but no worries, we got you covered. What’s the one game that all the internet loves? 2048! And what’s the one thing that rules over all the internet and is loved by everything and everyone? Cats! Small, fluffy, adorable cats! So of course that a combination of the two was inevitable. Reverse 2048 Join the numbers and get to the 2 tile How to play: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. This is so sweet, I could put in it my tea. And we like odd things, don’t we? What do I mean by reverse? Well, it’s just like the original one, only that you start with 20 tiles and the goal is to reach “1”. Reverse: click here (mobile version: Google Play)įunky little version (also known as One), it doesn’t change a lot of things, but the mere fact that it’s in reverse makes it a bit… odd. Plus, a completely adorable one and another version that may make you feel… dizzy. So in order to celebrate this, you’ll find a special version in this week’s top. If you would like to host your own copy of the game, you can purchase a web hosting account with 75% discount for the first year from a reliable hosting company via the following link.So with the last week’s top being the 5th one, now we finally reached a milestone by beating it. The source of the original game by Gabriele Cirulli is available here: The source code can be downloaded from his GitHub page at He added the UNDO option and the session preservation. This particular version was modified by NITIN PATHAK: 19 years! Makes you think what have you achieved in life so far. The guy was 19 years old when he wrote this game. It is inspired by the games Threes! and Veewo Studios' app 1024. When two tiles with the same number touch, they merge into one Created by Gabriele Cirulli. The game was originally developed by Gabriele Cirulli as a weekend project. Join the numbers and get to the 2048 tile How to play: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. The Reverse 2048 is a fun, addictive, and puzzle board game. This should be enough to get you out of trouble without risking to stall the game. Install the latest version of Reverse 2048 APP for free. That's why I was forced to set a limit of 1000 undo entries in order to avoid this issue. If you reach a few tens of thousands of moves, then the local storage database of undo moves gets filled up and the game stalls. The game allows to play well past reaching 2048. The Undo steps are saved in the local storage of the browser and it has its limits. Update: Actually, the above statement has to be revised a bit. Even if you close your browser and reopen it later on the same computer, you will be returned exactly where you've left. It includes an unlimited UNDO, so that you can win more often. ![]() Tips how to play efficiently are available here. You can play it on your computer and in the browser of your smartphone. The goal of the game is to reach a state where the value of one of the cells is 2048. If two cells with the same value touch during the process, they will be merged into a single cell and their value will be summed. The occupied cells will be rushed to the empty cells in the particular direction. 2048 Reverse - 2048 Tiles Game (Reach 4096) No views 1 Dislike Share Android Weekly 25.8K subscribers Can you add up 2048 Reverse All challenges you The difficulty climbs so be. Use the arrow keys on the keyboard of your computer or swipe in all four directions within the field on your smartphone. When two of the same cupcake tiles touch, they merge into one This version was inspired by 2048 and Video Game. 2048 Reverse is an upgraded version of the popular games of 2048.Join the same number tile and get to. The place of the "Undo" and "New Game" buttons was changed after I noticed that I'm clicking the "New Game" button accidentally. How to play: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. Download and play 2048 Reverse 1.0.1 on Windows PC. ![]() "My mum told me that on their first night together she rubbed cream into the sores on Dad's back and asked him what had happened," recalls Eric's daughter Charmaine. Charmaine (inset at the 2013 movie premiere), her sister, and mother were left out of the film. The real Eric Lomax with his daughter Charmaine in the late 1960s. Upon his return, he ended up staying with his fiancée Nan and her parents, a living situation that likely hastened their impending nuptials. In researching The Railway Man true story, we learned that not only did Eric Lomax have to deal with his physical and emotional scars from the war, he also had to face the reality that while he was a prisoner of war, his mother had died and his father had remarried, leaving Eric without a place to call home. What did Eric do when he came home from the war? Eric and Patti were "both living rootless and not altogether happy lives." Patti had three sons of her own, Graeme, Nicholas and Mark, and she also had a daughter. She had grown up in England where she became a nurse, but she moved to Canada after marrying her first husband who was part of the Canadian air force. ![]() In his book, Eric states that Patti, portrayed by Nicole Kidman in the movie, had been in a marriage that was as reduced as his own. Dad had made life very tough for her: Mum deserved better." -The Guardian "It was hard," says daughter Charmaine, "but we wanted to concentrate on our mum. Soon after, Eric officially ended his marriage with Nan and married Patti in 1983. A fondness for one another developed and in 1982, Patti left Canada for the United Kingdom, her place of birth. While riding on a train to Glasgow in 1980, the real Eric Lomax met the then 43-year-old Canadian nurse Patricia "Patti" Wallace, who was seventeen years his junior and back in Britain visiting her mother, sister and some close friends. In his 1995 book, Eric refers to Nan merely as "S." He left her in 1981. (born June 18, 1948, died at birth), and Charmaine Carole Lomax (born June 17, 1957). After the war, they were together for 37 years and shared three children: Linda May Lomax (born December 14, 1946, died December 13, 1993), Eric Lomax Jr. Following his capture by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore in 1942, Nan waited for three-and-a-half years not knowing whether he was alive or dead. Eric and Nan got engaged the night before he left. He had been courting her in their native Edinburgh prior to leaving for the war in 1941. Completely absent from The Railway Man movie are Eric Lomax's first wife Agnes ("Nan"), whom he married on November 20, 1945, just three weeks after he was liberated. The Railway Man is out in the UK on New Year's Day. Lomax recorded his experience in prose - his book is a novelshelf staple in many homes - but it was the efforts of his wife, Patricia (Nicole Kidman), to engineer a reconciliation with Nagase that frames the story. ![]() Forgiveness seems a long way off at this point. Set partly after the fall of Singapore and partly in 1970s Berwick, it initially finds Lomax and his former comrades, including Stellan Skarsgård's Finlay, bearing the scars of their experiences. Thousands of soldiers, including young signaller and railway buff Lomax (Jeremy Irvine), were marched into captivity to work on the notorious Burma railway amid barely conceivable privations. Directed by Sydney-born Jonathan Teplitzky, The Railway Man is an Anglo-Aussie adapation that tackles the aftermath of the military disaster that befell the two Allied nations when Singapore surrender to the Japanese in 1942. These new posters introduce the film's dramatis personae, including tortured (in every sense) prisoner of war Eric Lomax - both young (Jeremy Irvine) and middle-aged (Colin Firth) - and his Japanese tormentor Takashi Nagase ( The Wolverine's Hiroyuki Sanada). And guess what? It's out on January 1, just in time to make us want to be a whole lot nicer to each other. A tale of redemption and forgiveness in the face of hard-to-imagine brutality, The Railway Man is like the world's most profound new year's resolution corralled into movie form. ![]() Kresta, S., 1998, Turbulence in stirred tanks: Anisotropic, approximate and applied, Can. Khinast, 2007, Characterization of the localized hydrodynamic shear forces and dissolved oxygen distribution in sparged bioreactors, Biotechnol. Kolmogorov, A.N., 1991, The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers, Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 30 (1941). Lockett, 1974, The influence of approach velocity on bubble coalescence, Chem. Jacqmin, D., 1999, Calculation of two-phase Navier-Stokes flows using phase-field modeling, J. Nichols, 1981, Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries, J. Chalmers, 2000, Cell damage of microcarriers cultures as a function of local energy dissipation created by a rapid extensional flow, Biotechnol. Grace, H.P., 1982, Dispersion phenomena in high viscosity immiscible fluid systems and application of static mixers as dispersion devices in such systems, Chem. Chalmers, 2010, Aeration, mixing and hydrodynamics, animal cell bioreactors, Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 1–27. Chalmers, 1994, Computer simulations of the rupture of a gas bubble at a gasliquid interface and its implications in animal cell damage, Chem. Chalmers, 1994, Flow parameters associated with hydrodynamic cell injury, Biotechnol. Zaleski, 2002, Jet formation in bubbles bursting at a free surface, Phys. Zimmerman, 2006, Modeling of multi-phase flow using the level set method, In: Zimmerman, W.B.J., eds., Multiphysics Modelling with Finite Element Methods, World Scientific, 277–299.ĭey, D., 1998, Cell-Bubble Interactions during Bubble Disengagement in Aerated Bioreactors, Ph.D Thesis, University of Birmingham.ĭuchemin, L., S. Wang, 1987, Hydrodynamic effects on animal cells grown in microcarrier cultures, Biotechnol. 32, 1001–1014.Ĭhisti, Y., 2000, Animal-cell damage in sparged bioreactors, Trends Biotechnol. Papoutsakis, 1988, Physical mechanisms of cell damage in microcarrier cell culture bioreactors, Biotechnol. Ghoshdastidar, 2013, A coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method for the buoyant rise of gas bubbles in liquids, Int. Kim, 2012, Cell stretching measurement utilizing viscoelastic particle focusing, Anal. 100, 335–354.īutler, M., 2005, Animal cell culture: Recent achievements and perspectives in the production of biopharmaceuticals, Appl. Zemach, 1992, A continuum method for modeling surface tension, J. on CFD, Lake Tahoe, United States, 15–22.īrackbill, J.U., D.B. 254, 437–466.īourlioux, A., 1995, Coupled level set volume of fluid algorithm for tracking material interfaces, Proc. Blake, 1993, Gas bubbles bursting at a free surface, J. Blanch, 1978, The design of gas sparged devices for viscous liquid systems, AIChE J. Kim, 2016, Microfluidic biosensor for the assessment of mechanical cell damage by extensional stress, Lab Chip 16, 96–103.īhararaju, S.M., T.W.F. Wang, 1971, Effects of shear on the death of two strains of mammalian tissue cells, Biotechnol. The influence of the bubble size on the maximum stress dominates and extensional stress reaches up to the order of 10 4 Pa for bubble size of 0.5 mm.Īugenstein, D.C., A.J. ![]() The extensional stress estimation is reported as a function of the bubble size and the surface tension. In addition, the bubble collapsed time and the affected volume around a bubble subjected to the critical extensional stress are investigated. The bubble diameter has turned out to contribute significantly the maximum hydrodynamic extensional stress. A model equation based on numerical simulations is presented to predict the maximum extensional stress as a function of the bubble diameter and the surface tension. For all the cases, the maximum extensional stress appears at the instance when receding films impact each other at the bottom of the bubble. Extensive numerical simulations are performed for a wide range of bubble diameters (from 0.5 to 6 mm) and the surface tension values (from 0.03 to 0.072 N/m), with which effects of the bubble size and surfactant (PF68) concentration on the hydrodynamic stress are investigated. In this work, extensive computational studies are performed to investigate bubble bursting process in great details. Cell damage, one of critical issues in the bioreactor design for animal cell culture, is caused mainly from the bubble bursting at the free surface subjected to strong extensional flows. |
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